We know that transactions are set of instructions and these instructions perform operations on database. When multiple transactions are running concurrently then there needs to… [Read More]

In this guide, we will discuss the states of a transaction in DBMS. A transaction in DBMS can be in one of the following states…. [Read More]

Aggregation is a process in which a single entity alone is not able to make sense in a relationship so the relationship of two entities… [Read More]

Specialization is a process in which an entity is divided into sub-entities. You can think of it as a reverse process of generalization, in generalization… [Read More]

Generalization is a process in which the common attributes of more than one entities form a new entity. This newly formed entity is called generalized… [Read More]

In the previous tutorial we have seen the DBMS architecture – one-tier, two-tier and three-tier. In this guide, we will discuss the three level DBMS… [Read More]

In the previous tutorials, we learned basics of DBMS. In this guide, we will see the DBMS architecture. Database management systems architecture will help us… [Read More]

When more than one transactions are running simultaneously there are chances of a conflict to occur which can leave database to an inconsistent state. To… [Read More]

A transaction is a set of logically related operations. For example, you are transferring money from your bank account to your friend’s account, the set… [Read More]

You may hear this term often when dealing with Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS). In RDBMS, a table organizes data in rows and columns. The… [Read More]

Normalization is a process of organizing the data in database to avoid data redundancy, insertion anomaly, update anomaly & deletion anomaly. Let’s discuss about anomalies… [Read More]

A deadlock is a condition wherein two or more tasks are waiting for each other in order to be finished but none of the task… [Read More]

Constraints enforce limits to the data or type of data that can be inserted/updated/deleted from a table. The whole purpose of constraints is to maintain… [Read More]

A table is DBMS is a set of rows and columns that contain data. Columns in table have a unique name, often referred as attributes… [Read More]

Mapping constraints can be explained in terms of mapping cardinality: Mapping Cardinality: One to One: An entity of entity-set A can be associated with at… [Read More]