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SQL Data Types

By Chaitanya Singh | Filed Under: SQL

SQL Data type defines the values that a column can accept, for example if a column of the table has an int data type, then it can only accept integer values. You can specify the data type of the columns while creating the table.

SQL Data Types classification

Data Types in SQL are classified in six different categories as follows:

  1. Numeric Data Types
  2. Approximate Numeric Data Types
  3. Date and Time Data Types
  4. Strings Data Types
  5. Unicode Character Strings Data Types
  6. Binary Data Types

1. Numeric Data Types

DATA TYPE Range Description
int From -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 integer numbers
bigint From -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 integer numbers just like int data type but with large range.
smallint From -32,768 to 32,767 integer numbers but with smaller range than int data type.
tinyint From 0 to 255 intger numbers but with smaller range than the smallint data type.
bit 0 or 1 True is converted to 1 and False is converted to 0
money From -922,337,203,685,477.5808 to +922,337,203,685,477.5807 This data type is used for monetary units.

2. Approximate Numeric Data Types

DATA TYPE Range Description
float From -1.79E + 308 to 1.79E + 308 Used for floating numbers, number that contain decimal points and fraction values.
real From -3.40E + 38 to 3.40E + 38 Similar to float but with bigger range than float data type.

3. Date and Time Data Type

DATA TYPE Range Description
date From January 1, 0001 to December 31, 9999 Stores a date like July 12, 2022
time Stores a time like 1:30 PM Stores time with an accuracy of 100 nanoseconds.
datetime From Jan 1, 1753 to Dec 31, 9999 Used for storing data and time data. It has wider range than smalldatetime data type
smalldatetime From Jan 1, 1900 to Jun 6, 2079 Similar to datetime but with smaller range.

4. Strings Data Types

DATA TYPE Range Description
char Max size 8000 characters. It is used to specify a fixed length string that can contain numbers, letters, and special characters.
varchar Max size 8000 characters. It is used to specify a variable length string that can contain numbers, letters, and special characters.
varchar(max) Max size 1,073,741,824 characters Similar to varchar, this is also used to specify a variable length string that can contain numbers, letters, and special characters.
text Max size 2GB of text data. It specifies variable width character string.

5. Unicode Character Strings Data Types

DATA TYPE Range Description
nchar Max size 4000 characters. It is used to specify a fixed length unicode string.
nvarchar Max size 4000 characters. It is used to specify a variable length unicode string.
nvarchar(max) Max size 536,870,912 characters Similar to varchar, this is also used to specify a variable length unicode string.
ntext Max size 2GB of text data. It specifies variable width unicode character string.

6. Binary Data Types

DATA TYPE Range Description
binary Max size 8000 bytes. It is used to specify a fixed length binary string.
varbinary Max size 800 bytes. It is used to specify a variable length binary string.
varbinary(max) Max size 2GB Similar to varchar, this is also used to specify a variable length binary string.
image Max size 2GB. It specifies variable width binary string.

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