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Introduction to Relational algebra & Relational calculus

Last Updated: February 20, 2019 by Chaitanya Singh | Filed Under: DBMS

In this guide, we will discuss what is Relational algebra and relational calculus and why we use these concepts. In the previous tutorials, we discussed the designing of database using Relational model, E-R diagram and normalization. Now that we have designed the database, we need to store and retrieve data from the database, for this purpose we need to understand the concept of Relational algebra and relational calculus.

Let’s start with the basics.

Query Language

In simple words, a Language which is used to store and retrieve data from database is known as query language. For example – SQL

There are two types of query language:
1.Procedural Query language
2.Non-procedural query language

Relational Algebra and Calculus - Query Language type

1. Procedural Query language:

In procedural query language, user instructs the system to perform a series of operations to produce the desired results. Here users tells what data to be retrieved from database and how to retrieve it.

For example – Let’s take a real world example to understand the procedural language, you are asking your younger brother to make a cup of tea, if you are just telling him to make a tea and not telling the process then it is a non-procedural language, however if you are telling the step by step process like switch on the stove, boil the water, add milk etc. then it is a procedural language.

2. Non-procedural query language:

In Non-procedural query language, user instructs the system to produce the desired result without telling the step by step process. Here users tells what data to be retrieved from database but doesn’t tell how to retrieve it.

Now let’s back to our main topic of relational algebra and relational calculus.

Relational Algebra:

Relational algebra is a conceptual procedural query language used on relational model.

Relational Calculus:

Relational calculus is a conceptual non-procedural query language used on relational model.

Note:
I have used word conceptual while describing relational algebra and relational calculus, because they are theoretical mathematical system or query language, they are not the practical implementation, SQL is a practical implementation of relational algebra and relational calculus.

Relational Algebra and Calculus Introduction

Relational Algebra, Calculus, RDBMS & SQL:

Relational algebra and calculus are the theoretical concepts used on relational model.

RDBMS is a practical implementation of relational model.

SQL is a practical implementation of relational algebra and calculus.

In the next tutorials we will cover the relational algebra and calculus in detail.

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About the Author

I have 15 years of experience in the IT industry, working with renowned multinational corporations. Additionally, I have dedicated over a decade to teaching, allowing me to refine my skills in delivering information in a simple and easily understandable manner.

– Chaitanya

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DBMS Tutorial

Basics

  • DBMS Tutorial
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  • Abstraction
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  • DBMS languages

Data Models

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  • ER Diagram
  • ER Design issues
  • Convert ER to table
  • DBMS Generalization
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  • DBMS Aggregration
  • Relational Model
  • Hierarchical Model
  • Constraints
  • Cardinality

Relational Database

  • RDBMS concepts
  • Relational Algebra
  • Relational Calculus
  • Keys Index
  • Primary Key
  • Super Key
  • Candidate Key
  • Foreign Key
  • Composite Key
  • Alternate Key

Normalization

  • Normalization
  • Functional dependency

Transaction Management

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  • Serializability
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Concurrency Control

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  • Lock based protocol
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File Organization

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SQL Introduction

  • SQL Introduction
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  • Advantages of SQL
  • SQL Commands
  • SQL Operators
  • SQL CREATE
  • SQL DROP
  • SQL SELECT
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